Spit in a Tube and Mail It In: A New Frontier in Coronavirus Testing -- The New York Times
Communities across the country are starting to roll out at-home saliva test kits. Health officials say they could be a game-changer in detecting and slowing the spread of the virus.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/03/us/coronavirus-saliva-testing-home.html?action=click&campaign_id=154&emc=edit_cb_20201203&instance_id=24693&module=RelatedLinks&nl=coronavirus-briefing&pgtype=Article®i_id=99289699&segment_id=46030&te=1&user_id=6c9a86b9bf0e161e299fee8835d7c53a
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| Scientists say a well-designed saliva test can be as accurate as a nasal swab test. |
by Miriam Jordan
FULLERTON, Calif. — The post-Thanksgiving rush for coronavirus testing is on: Pharmacies in the Southern California suburbs are advising customers lucky enough to score appointments that it could be four days before they receive results. In Chelsea, Mass., a line of people who hoped for testing, pelted by rain and wind, strung along an entire block early this week. In Atlanta, people have idled in cars, sometimes for hours, to get swabbed at drive-throughs.
Testing has long been one of the keys to controlling the spread of a virus that with the onset of winter is entering its most dangerous phase. Yet even as cases per capita have rocketed, securing a test has become enough of an ordeal that many people have been dissuaded from even trying.
That has begun to change in recent weeks as a handful of communities across the country have rolled out the first do-it-yourself home saliva tests, which require users to simply dribble into a test tube, seal it and send it to a lab. As the tests become widespread, they could provide a less-uncomfortable alternative to nasal swabs and enable more people to safely return to work and school in the months before a vaccine is widely available.
In California, Orange County, home to Disneyland and Surf City, last week kicked off an ambitious effort to distribute 500,000 home-use saliva test kits to its 3.4 million residents by the end of December. Its initial push has focused on Anaheim and Santa Ana, the two most populous cities where the pandemic has taken an outsize toll on the Latino and immigrant populations.
Among those who stopped by to collect kits outside the Family Health Matters clinic was Sandra Reyes-Aceves, 48, who lives with her two teenage children and aging parents in Anaheim.
“This is the best thing for my parents’ safety. I don’t have to make them leave the house to get tested,” Ms. Reyes-Aceves said. Though no one in her family has symptoms, she said, she worries that she or the children could have the virus and not know it.
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| Orange County has kicked off an ambitious effort to distribute 500,000 home-use saliva test kits to its 3.4 million residents by the end of December. |
Public health officials have long hoped that combining the ease of saliva sampling with at-home collection would open important new windows into the spread of the virus and help persuade those who did not know they were infected to stay home and limit further transmission.
“The big issue is, how do you get more people to get tested,” said Anne Rimoin, a professor of epidemiology at the U.C.L.A. Fielding School of Public Health. “Everyone has seen lines looping around stadiums and urgent cares.”
A test people can do at home and mail in “really helps,” she said. “It isn’t going to end the pandemic, but it is certainly a major step toward making testing more accessible and widespread.”
Minnesota, now with one of the highest rates of new cases in the country, became the first state, in early November, to offer at-home saliva testing for all residents, whether they have coronavirus symptoms or not.
Once a testing kit is ordered, it is typically shipped within 24 hours. During sample collection, users are supervised via Zoom by a health worker at Vault Health, the company contracted by Minnesota’s Health Department to manage the tests. Results are available in 24 to 48 hours.
“With community spread at such high levels we’ve focused on removing barriers to make testing as easy and accessible as possible,” said Dan Huff, the department’s assistant commissioner for health protection.
Thus far, 261,000 kits manufactured by Infinity BiologiX, the first home-saliva test to secure emergency use authorization from the federal Food and Drug Administration, have been distributed statewide.
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The decision to make home saliva tests available came as infection rates in Minnesota climbed to new highs. State health officials said it was too early to ascertain whether the availability of new testing was helping to contain the virus. In fact, for the time being, the tests are likely to lead to higher case numbers.
Kristine Grover of Blackduck, Minn., said she decided to order the home test after her 12-year-old son, Keaton, came down with a fever, cough and runny nose.
“We knew he would tolerate the saliva test better than the nasal swab,” she said. “I ordered the test on a Monday, he performed the test on Tuesday and we received the negative results on Thursday morning.”
A well-designed saliva test can be as accurate as a nasal swab test, scientists say. Researchers have found significant levels of the coronavirus in oral secretions. Like nasal swab tests, saliva tests are based on P.C.R. technology, which amplifies small amounts of viral material for analysis.
Sports leagues, schools and colleges were among the early adopters of saliva tests, and newly developed tests have been hitting the market after winning F.D.A. approval. Whether they could supplant nasal swab tests depends, in part, on how quickly labs can ramp up production.
In St. Louis, the medical school of Washington University began offering a saliva test to some local teachers this week. In Greenwich, Conn., the Greenwich Academy, an all-girls private school, credits the regular use of spit tests for allowing it to stay open.
As home test kits become more widely available, their success in mitigating the spread of the coronavirus could hinge on how often they are used. Communities offering the test generally cover the cost, if a person’s health insurance does not.
“What is necessary is for people to test frequently,” said Jerry Cangelosi, an infectious-diseases expert at the University of Washington in Seattle. “Home testing is effective if it can be done repeatedly, such as weekly, not once a year.”
Several counties in New Jersey also have introduced at-home saliva tests, although Burlington County suspended its home testing program after many people took kits and failed to use them. Of the more than 2,400 saliva kits requested by residents and paid for by the county since October, only 900 have been mailed into the lab.
“Unfortunately, numerous people have requested the test kits but failed to return them with collected samples for testing, essentially keeping the kits until they decide they need them,” Herb Conaway, the county’s health director, said in a statement. “This is not how the program was intended to work.”
In California, where a new, ominous wave of the pandemic has led to a record surge in cases, widespread testing could be crucial.
In Orange County, the rate of new coronavirus cases has tripled over the past two weeks. While upscale coastal cities, like Newport Beach, have had relatively few cases, inland cities, like Santa Ana and Anaheim, account for a disproportionately high share of infections, hospitalizations and deaths, and the initial at-home tests are being targeted there.
“The inability of some residents, who lack means, to work remotely or quarantine appropriately has led to a disparity in infection rates between communities,” said Andrew Do, vice chairman of the county’s board of supervisors. Unlike Orange County’s nose-swab testing program, which has targeted people with coronavirus symptoms, the in-home saliva effort is intended to widen testing to include people who might not be suffering from any symptoms.
In the initial phase, the county has partnered with five community clinics to distribute 11,000 testing kits. The test was developed by Ambry Genetics, a local company with expertise in genetic diseases that has converted part of its lab to produce the tests.
“Our test is literally, you spit up to a point in the tube, seal the cap and mail it in,” said Aaron Elliott, the company’s chief executive, who compared it to consumer genetics tests like those from AncestryDNA. “It’s much easier than tickling your brain with a nasal swab.”
The county plans to open the saliva home-testing program to the entire county as Ambry Genetics ramps up production. “We’re hoping this will be a game-changer in a lot of ways,” said Doug Chaffee, a county supervisor who represents a part of Anaheim that is heavily Hispanic.
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| A testing site at the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport last month |
The people who stopped by to pick up kits all said that they either lived in multigenerational homes or shared accommodation with nonrelatives and expressed concern that infection could easily spread among them.Ms. Ramos explained in Spanish how to properly collect and return the specimens. Without asking people their names or taking any information, she instructed them to register the test online. Results are delivered by email, and those who test positive are contacted by a health care provider.
“This is amazing,” said Agustina Esteves, an Argentine college student who works part-time at an auto-repair shop, as she picked up three kits, for herself and two housemates. “I’m going to take the test as soon as I get home.”
Maria Romero, 65, said she was aware the coronavirus was coursing through the Latino community, even if it had spared her household, at least as far as everyone knew.
So she heeded the Health Department’s call to pick up a test kit for herself and four relatives with whom she lives.
“We feel fine,” she said, “but we still could have the virus and be passing it to other people."
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